Incertidumbre a los ocho años. Aproximación a la situación de los refugiados sirios en Turquía
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29340/64.2349Palabras clave:
integración, refugiados, sirios, Turquía, acuerdo Estados Unidos- TurquíaResumen
En un esfuerzo por evaluar tanto los datos cuantitativos como la literatura turca e internacional, incluidas las opiniones de expertos de campo recogidas en dos entrevistas exploratorias, este artículo reporta un seguimiento detallado y crítico de las condiciones de vida actuales —estatus legal, vivienda, educación y empleo— de la población de refugiados sirios en Turquía, seguido de una revisión crítica de la Declaración Unión Europea-Turquía. La mayor población de refugiados del mundo enfrenta diversos problemas, y a pesar de los esfuerzos y recursos desplegados por el país anfitrión, el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados y otras organizaciones internacionales y humanitarias, los ciudadanos sirios en Turquía se encuentran en largos procesos de ambigüedad de su estatus legal, inseguridad, precariedad y exclusión social, y se mantienen en una condición de “temporalidad permanente”.Descargas
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Referencias
Agencia para la Gestión de Desastres y Emergencias de la Presidencia de Turquía (AFAD), 2013, Syrian Refugees in Turkey, Field Survey Results. Disponible en línea: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/AFADSurveyonSyrianRefugeesinTurkey2013.pdf.
————, 2017, Suriyeli sığınmacılara yapılan yardımlar [Ayuda a los refugiados sirios], Ankara.
Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), 1992, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Disponible en línea: https://www.unhcr.org/4d93528a9.pdf.
————, 2016, “Turkey Monthly Updates July 2016”, en UNHER Regional Refugee Resilience Plan. Disponible en línea: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TurkeyHealth3RPDashboard2016JulyCompiledVer02.pdf.
————, 2018, Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2018. Disponible en línea: https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf.
————, 2019, Turkey: Key Facts and Figures, July 2019. Disponible en línea: https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2019/08/7.1-UNHCR-Turkey-Key-Facts-and-Figures-August-2019-1.pdf.
Anadolu Agency, 2017, “Turkey Processing Citizenship for 50 000 Syrians”, en Daily Sabah, 23 de septiembre. Disponible en línea: https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2017/09/23/turkey-processing-citizenship-for-50000-syrians.
Asociación Apoyo a la Vida, 2014, Mevsimlik Gezici Tarım İş.iliği, 2014. Araştırma Raporu [Informe de investigación sobre trabajo agrícola estacionalmigrante, 2014], Hayata Destek Derneği, Estambul. Disponible en línea: https://www.hayatadestek.org/wp-content/uploads//12/mevsimlik-gezici-tarim-isciligi-2014-arastirma-raporu.pdf.
Balkan, Binnur, Elif Oskan Tok, Huzeyfe Torun y Semih Tumen, 2018, “Immigration, Housing Rents, and Residential Segregation: Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Turkey”, en iza Discussion Paper, núm. 11611, junio. Disponible en línea: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/11611/immigration-housing-rents-and-residential-segregation-evidence-from-syrian-refugees-in-turkey.
Çiçekli, Bulent, 2016, “Reforms Introduced by the Act on Foreigners and International Protection (AFIP) into the Turkish Law on Foreigners and Refugees”, en Review of International Law and Politics, vol. 12, núm. 1, pp. 75-120.
Comisión Europea, 2016, Turkey 2016 Report, Comisión Europea, Bruselas. Disponible en línea: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2016/20161109_report_turkey.pdf.
————, 2017, Turkey: Refugee Crisis. European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operation (ECHO) Factsheet. Disponible en línea: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/turkey_syrian_crisis_en_1.pdf.
————, 2018, Turkey 2018 Report, Comisión Europea, Estrasburgo. Disponible en línea: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20180417-turkey-report.pdf.
————, 2019, Turkey 2019 Report, Comisión Europea, Bruselas. Disponible en línea: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-turkey-report.pdf.
Consejo Europeo, 2016, EU-Turkey Statement, 18 March 2016, Consejo Europeo, Bruselas. Disponible en línea: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement.
Development Workshop, 2016, The Report on the Present Situation of Foreign Migrant Workers in Seasonal Agricultural Production. Poverty, Rivalry and Antagonism, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Ankara.
Dirección General de Gestión Migratoria de Turquía (DGMM), 2016, 2016, T.rkiye G.. Raporu [Informe sobre migración de Turquía], Ankara. Disponible en línea: https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/YillikGocRaporlari/2016_yiik_goc_raporu_haziran.pdf.
————, 2019, “Temporary Protection Statistics”, Directorate General of Migration Management. Disponible en línea: https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638.
————, 2020, “Temporary Protection Statistics”, Directorate General of Migration Management. Disponible en línea: https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27.
Erdogan, M. Murat, 2017, Urban Refugees from “Detachment” to “Harmonization”. Syrian Refugees and Process Management of Municipalities: The Case of Istanbul, Unión de Municipalidades del Mármara. Disponible en línea: http://en.marmara.gov.tr/UserFiles/Attachments/2018/03/21/893e87bd-92c2-4e4b-98d7-336e9e8a9b71.pdf.
Europol, 2019, Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2019. Disponible en línea: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/mainreports/terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2019-te-sat>.
Gran Asamblea Nacional de Turquía, 2013, Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP), numbered 6458. Disponible en línea: https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=5a1d828f4.
Gülay, Mehmet, 2016, “Legislative Arrangements in the Field of Right to Health”, en War, Migration and Health; Experience of Turkey, Turkish Medical Association Publications, s.l., pp. 56-59.
Heck, Gerda y Sabine Hess, 2017, “Tracing the Effects of the EU-Turkey Deal”, en Movements, vol. 3, núm. 2, pp. 35-56.
Hinnebusch, Raymond y Omar Imady (eds.), 2018, The Syrian Uprising, Routledge, Londres.
Içduygu, Ahmet, 2015, Syrian Refugees in Turkey. The Long Road Ahead, Migration Policy Institute, Washington.
————, 2018, “‘Permanent Temporariness’ of Migrants and Refugees: A Result of the New Forms of International Mobility Regimes: Evidence from the EU-Turkey Migratory Space”, en Unpacking Migration Blog. Disponible en línea: https://unpacking-migration.eu/integration_transit/.
Içduygu, Ahmet y Eleni Diker, 2017, “Labor Market Integration of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: From Refugees to Settlers”, en The Journal of Migration Studies, vol. 3. núm. 1, pp. 12-35.
Içduygu, Ahmet y Deniz Sert, 2019, “Introduction: Syrian Refugees: Facing Challenges, Making Choices”, en International Migration, vol. 57, núm. 2, pp. 121-125.
Içduygu, Ahmet y Doğuş Şimşek, 2016, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Towards Integration Policies”, en Turkish Policy Quarterly, vol. 15, núm. 3, pp. 59-69.
Joffé, George, 2011, “The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects”, en The Journal of North African Studies, vol. 16, núm. 4, pp. 507-532.
Kargin, I. Aksu, 2018, “An Assessment of the Refugees’ Access to Labor and Housing Markets and Healthcare Services in Turkey from Syrian Refugees’ Perspective”, en Border Crossing, vol. 8, núm. 1, pp. 220-236.
Kavak, Sinem, 2016, “Syrian Refugees in Seasonal Agricultural Work: A Case of Adverse Incorporation in Turkey”, en New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 54, pp. 33-53.
Kirişçi, Kemal, 2013, Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy. International Crisis Group. Blurring the Borders: Syrian Spillover Risks for Turkey, International Crisis Group, Bruselas.
Koca, Burcu Togral, 2015, “Deconstructing Turkey’s ‘Open Door’ Policy towards Refugees from Syria”, en Migration Letters, vol. 12, núm. 3, pp. 209-225.
Lewis, Bernard, 2014 [1984], The Jews of Islam, edición actualizada, Princeton University Press (Princeton Classics, 86), Princeton y Oxford.
Memişoğlu, Fulya, 2018, The Syrian Community in Turkey: Perspectives, Prospects, and Policies, Public Policy and Democracy Studies, Estambul. Disponible en línea: http://podem.org.tr/en/researches/the-syrian-community-in-turkey-perspectives-prospects-and-policies/.
Orchard, Cynthia y Andrew Miller, 2014, Protection in Europe for Refugees from Syria, Refugee Studies Centre-University of Oxford (ForcedMigration Policy Briefing, 10), Oxford.
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), 2004, International Migration Law Glossary on Migration, OIM, Ginebra. Disponible en línea: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_1_en.pdf.
Paçaçi Elitok, Seçil 2019, “Three Year on: An Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal”, en MiReKoc Working Papers, abril, Estambul, Migration Research Center at Koç University. Disponible en línea: https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Mirekoc_Elitok_2019_Report_ThreeYearsOn-AnEvaluationOfTheEU-TurkeyRefugeeDeal.pdf.
Papadopoulos, Apostolos G., 2011, “Migration and Security Threats in South-Eastern Europe”, en Southeast and European Black Sea Studies, vol. 11, núm. 4, pp. 451-469.
Phillips, Christopher, 2015, “Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 36, núm. 2, pp. 357-376.
Red de Comunicación sobre Migración Laboral Estacional, 2012, Tarımda Mevsimlik İş.i G..ü. Türkiye Durum Özeti [Migración de trabajadores estacionales en la agricultura. Resumen de la situación en Turquía], Mevsimlik Işçi G..ü Iletişim Aği/Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Estambul.
Disponible en línea: http://www.fes-tuerkei.org/media/pdf/Dünyadan/dünyadan_12%20(1).pdf.
Ruiz de Elvira, Laura y Tina Zintl, 2014, “The End of the Ba’thist Social Contract in Bashar al-Asad’s Syria”, en International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 46, núm. 2, pp. 329-349.
Sadiki, Larbi, 2015, Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization, Routledge, Londres.
Sakr, Rita, 2013, “Anticipating” the 2011 Arab Uprisings: Revolutionary Literatures and Political Geographies, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres.
Shaw, Stanford J., 1993, Turkey and the Holocaust, Turkey’s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933-1945, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres.
Tugal, Cihan, 2016, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey are Pawns in a Geopolitical Game”, en The Guardian, 15 de febrero. Disponible en línea: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/15/refugees-turkey-government-eu-crisis-europe.
Tumen, Semih, 2016, “The Economic Impact of Syrian Refugees on Host Countries: Quasi-experimental Evidence from Turkey”, en American Economic Review, vol. 106, núm. 5, pp. 456-460.
Tunca, Hakan Ömer y Ahmet Karadağ, 2018, “Migration from Syria to Turkey: Threats and Opportunities”, en Science Journal of Turkish Military Academy, vol. 28, núm. 2, pp. 47-68.
Unutulmaz, K. Onur, 2018, “Turkey’s Education Policies towards Syrian Refugees: A Macro-level Analysis”, en International Migration, vol. 57, núm. 2, pp. 235-252.
Yüceşahin, M. Murat e Ibrahim Sirkeci, 2017, “Demographic Gaps between Syrian and the European Populations: What Do They Suggest?”, en Deniz Eroglu Utku, K. Onur Unutulmaz e Ibrahim Sirkeci (eds.), Turkey’s Syrians: Today and Tomorrow, Transnational Press London, Londres, pp. 187-211.
Entrevistas
Experta de la Unidad de Reasentamiento de la Oficina de Turquía del acnur, Ankara, 10 de mayo de 2018.
Oficial de campo de la Asociación Apoyo a la Vida, Adana, 15 de mayo de 2018.
————, 2017, Suriyeli sığınmacılara yapılan yardımlar [Ayuda a los refugiados sirios], Ankara.
Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), 1992, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Disponible en línea: https://www.unhcr.org/4d93528a9.pdf.
————, 2016, “Turkey Monthly Updates July 2016”, en UNHER Regional Refugee Resilience Plan. Disponible en línea: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TurkeyHealth3RPDashboard2016JulyCompiledVer02.pdf.
————, 2018, Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2018. Disponible en línea: https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf.
————, 2019, Turkey: Key Facts and Figures, July 2019. Disponible en línea: https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2019/08/7.1-UNHCR-Turkey-Key-Facts-and-Figures-August-2019-1.pdf.
Anadolu Agency, 2017, “Turkey Processing Citizenship for 50 000 Syrians”, en Daily Sabah, 23 de septiembre. Disponible en línea: https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2017/09/23/turkey-processing-citizenship-for-50000-syrians.
Asociación Apoyo a la Vida, 2014, Mevsimlik Gezici Tarım İş.iliği, 2014. Araştırma Raporu [Informe de investigación sobre trabajo agrícola estacionalmigrante, 2014], Hayata Destek Derneği, Estambul. Disponible en línea: https://www.hayatadestek.org/wp-content/uploads//12/mevsimlik-gezici-tarim-isciligi-2014-arastirma-raporu.pdf.
Balkan, Binnur, Elif Oskan Tok, Huzeyfe Torun y Semih Tumen, 2018, “Immigration, Housing Rents, and Residential Segregation: Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Turkey”, en iza Discussion Paper, núm. 11611, junio. Disponible en línea: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/11611/immigration-housing-rents-and-residential-segregation-evidence-from-syrian-refugees-in-turkey.
Çiçekli, Bulent, 2016, “Reforms Introduced by the Act on Foreigners and International Protection (AFIP) into the Turkish Law on Foreigners and Refugees”, en Review of International Law and Politics, vol. 12, núm. 1, pp. 75-120.
Comisión Europea, 2016, Turkey 2016 Report, Comisión Europea, Bruselas. Disponible en línea: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2016/20161109_report_turkey.pdf.
————, 2017, Turkey: Refugee Crisis. European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operation (ECHO) Factsheet. Disponible en línea: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/turkey_syrian_crisis_en_1.pdf.
————, 2018, Turkey 2018 Report, Comisión Europea, Estrasburgo. Disponible en línea: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20180417-turkey-report.pdf.
————, 2019, Turkey 2019 Report, Comisión Europea, Bruselas. Disponible en línea: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-turkey-report.pdf.
Consejo Europeo, 2016, EU-Turkey Statement, 18 March 2016, Consejo Europeo, Bruselas. Disponible en línea: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement.
Development Workshop, 2016, The Report on the Present Situation of Foreign Migrant Workers in Seasonal Agricultural Production. Poverty, Rivalry and Antagonism, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Ankara.
Dirección General de Gestión Migratoria de Turquía (DGMM), 2016, 2016, T.rkiye G.. Raporu [Informe sobre migración de Turquía], Ankara. Disponible en línea: https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/YillikGocRaporlari/2016_yiik_goc_raporu_haziran.pdf.
————, 2019, “Temporary Protection Statistics”, Directorate General of Migration Management. Disponible en línea: https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638.
————, 2020, “Temporary Protection Statistics”, Directorate General of Migration Management. Disponible en línea: https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27.
Erdogan, M. Murat, 2017, Urban Refugees from “Detachment” to “Harmonization”. Syrian Refugees and Process Management of Municipalities: The Case of Istanbul, Unión de Municipalidades del Mármara. Disponible en línea: http://en.marmara.gov.tr/UserFiles/Attachments/2018/03/21/893e87bd-92c2-4e4b-98d7-336e9e8a9b71.pdf.
Europol, 2019, Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2019. Disponible en línea: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/mainreports/terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2019-te-sat>.
Gran Asamblea Nacional de Turquía, 2013, Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP), numbered 6458. Disponible en línea: https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=5a1d828f4.
Gülay, Mehmet, 2016, “Legislative Arrangements in the Field of Right to Health”, en War, Migration and Health; Experience of Turkey, Turkish Medical Association Publications, s.l., pp. 56-59.
Heck, Gerda y Sabine Hess, 2017, “Tracing the Effects of the EU-Turkey Deal”, en Movements, vol. 3, núm. 2, pp. 35-56.
Hinnebusch, Raymond y Omar Imady (eds.), 2018, The Syrian Uprising, Routledge, Londres.
Içduygu, Ahmet, 2015, Syrian Refugees in Turkey. The Long Road Ahead, Migration Policy Institute, Washington.
————, 2018, “‘Permanent Temporariness’ of Migrants and Refugees: A Result of the New Forms of International Mobility Regimes: Evidence from the EU-Turkey Migratory Space”, en Unpacking Migration Blog. Disponible en línea: https://unpacking-migration.eu/integration_transit/.
Içduygu, Ahmet y Eleni Diker, 2017, “Labor Market Integration of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: From Refugees to Settlers”, en The Journal of Migration Studies, vol. 3. núm. 1, pp. 12-35.
Içduygu, Ahmet y Deniz Sert, 2019, “Introduction: Syrian Refugees: Facing Challenges, Making Choices”, en International Migration, vol. 57, núm. 2, pp. 121-125.
Içduygu, Ahmet y Doğuş Şimşek, 2016, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Towards Integration Policies”, en Turkish Policy Quarterly, vol. 15, núm. 3, pp. 59-69.
Joffé, George, 2011, “The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects”, en The Journal of North African Studies, vol. 16, núm. 4, pp. 507-532.
Kargin, I. Aksu, 2018, “An Assessment of the Refugees’ Access to Labor and Housing Markets and Healthcare Services in Turkey from Syrian Refugees’ Perspective”, en Border Crossing, vol. 8, núm. 1, pp. 220-236.
Kavak, Sinem, 2016, “Syrian Refugees in Seasonal Agricultural Work: A Case of Adverse Incorporation in Turkey”, en New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 54, pp. 33-53.
Kirişçi, Kemal, 2013, Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Limits of an Open Door Policy. International Crisis Group. Blurring the Borders: Syrian Spillover Risks for Turkey, International Crisis Group, Bruselas.
Koca, Burcu Togral, 2015, “Deconstructing Turkey’s ‘Open Door’ Policy towards Refugees from Syria”, en Migration Letters, vol. 12, núm. 3, pp. 209-225.
Lewis, Bernard, 2014 [1984], The Jews of Islam, edición actualizada, Princeton University Press (Princeton Classics, 86), Princeton y Oxford.
Memişoğlu, Fulya, 2018, The Syrian Community in Turkey: Perspectives, Prospects, and Policies, Public Policy and Democracy Studies, Estambul. Disponible en línea: http://podem.org.tr/en/researches/the-syrian-community-in-turkey-perspectives-prospects-and-policies/.
Orchard, Cynthia y Andrew Miller, 2014, Protection in Europe for Refugees from Syria, Refugee Studies Centre-University of Oxford (ForcedMigration Policy Briefing, 10), Oxford.
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), 2004, International Migration Law Glossary on Migration, OIM, Ginebra. Disponible en línea: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_1_en.pdf.
Paçaçi Elitok, Seçil 2019, “Three Year on: An Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal”, en MiReKoc Working Papers, abril, Estambul, Migration Research Center at Koç University. Disponible en línea: https://mirekoc.ku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Mirekoc_Elitok_2019_Report_ThreeYearsOn-AnEvaluationOfTheEU-TurkeyRefugeeDeal.pdf.
Papadopoulos, Apostolos G., 2011, “Migration and Security Threats in South-Eastern Europe”, en Southeast and European Black Sea Studies, vol. 11, núm. 4, pp. 451-469.
Phillips, Christopher, 2015, “Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria”, en Third World Quarterly, vol. 36, núm. 2, pp. 357-376.
Red de Comunicación sobre Migración Laboral Estacional, 2012, Tarımda Mevsimlik İş.i G..ü. Türkiye Durum Özeti [Migración de trabajadores estacionales en la agricultura. Resumen de la situación en Turquía], Mevsimlik Işçi G..ü Iletişim Aği/Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Estambul.
Disponible en línea: http://www.fes-tuerkei.org/media/pdf/Dünyadan/dünyadan_12%20(1).pdf.
Ruiz de Elvira, Laura y Tina Zintl, 2014, “The End of the Ba’thist Social Contract in Bashar al-Asad’s Syria”, en International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 46, núm. 2, pp. 329-349.
Sadiki, Larbi, 2015, Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization, Routledge, Londres.
Sakr, Rita, 2013, “Anticipating” the 2011 Arab Uprisings: Revolutionary Literatures and Political Geographies, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres.
Shaw, Stanford J., 1993, Turkey and the Holocaust, Turkey’s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933-1945, Palgrave Macmillan, Londres.
Tugal, Cihan, 2016, “Syrian Refugees in Turkey are Pawns in a Geopolitical Game”, en The Guardian, 15 de febrero. Disponible en línea: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/15/refugees-turkey-government-eu-crisis-europe.
Tumen, Semih, 2016, “The Economic Impact of Syrian Refugees on Host Countries: Quasi-experimental Evidence from Turkey”, en American Economic Review, vol. 106, núm. 5, pp. 456-460.
Tunca, Hakan Ömer y Ahmet Karadağ, 2018, “Migration from Syria to Turkey: Threats and Opportunities”, en Science Journal of Turkish Military Academy, vol. 28, núm. 2, pp. 47-68.
Unutulmaz, K. Onur, 2018, “Turkey’s Education Policies towards Syrian Refugees: A Macro-level Analysis”, en International Migration, vol. 57, núm. 2, pp. 235-252.
Yüceşahin, M. Murat e Ibrahim Sirkeci, 2017, “Demographic Gaps between Syrian and the European Populations: What Do They Suggest?”, en Deniz Eroglu Utku, K. Onur Unutulmaz e Ibrahim Sirkeci (eds.), Turkey’s Syrians: Today and Tomorrow, Transnational Press London, Londres, pp. 187-211.
Entrevistas
Experta de la Unidad de Reasentamiento de la Oficina de Turquía del acnur, Ankara, 10 de mayo de 2018.
Oficial de campo de la Asociación Apoyo a la Vida, Adana, 15 de mayo de 2018.
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Incertidumbre a los ocho años. Aproximación a la situación de los refugiados sirios en Turquía. (2020). Desacatos. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 64, 32-51. https://doi.org/10.29340/64.2349
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